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[[File:alaksa.jpg|thumb|right|المسجد الاقصى Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa]]
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[[File:alaksa.jpg|thumb|right|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque|المسجد الاقصى Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa]]
[[File:imamali.jpg|thumb|right|علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب Imam ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib]]
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[[File:imamali.jpg|thumb|right|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine|علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب Imam ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib]]
[[File:nehemia.jpg|thumb|right|'Uzair (Nehemiah ben Hushiel)]]
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[[File:nehemia.jpg|thumb|right|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)|'Uzair (Nehemiah ben Hushiel)]]
[[File:SalmaanFarsi.jpg|thumb|right|سلمان الفارسي Salman Farisi (Shallum ben Hushiel)]]
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[[File:SalmaanFarsi.jpg|thumb|right|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Al-Farsi_Mosque|سلمان الفارسي Salman Farisi (Shallum ben Hushiel)]]
  
 
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As a community service, the Institute publishes a series in news outlets entitled, “Giving Voice to Muslims who Seek Peace” in order to raise awareness in of the peaceful nature of Islam; engages in public speaking and diplomacy; and hosts vibrant discussions on social media.
 
As a community service, the Institute publishes a series in news outlets entitled, “Giving Voice to Muslims who Seek Peace” in order to raise awareness in of the peaceful nature of Islam; engages in public speaking and diplomacy; and hosts vibrant discussions on social media.
  
The institute is firstly a religious organization. Insha'Allah, it strives to conform in every way to sharia and accepted convention. It is bound to operate within the general precepts of Ahlu-s-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah, the four Madhabs and Jafari fiqh, and Halachah va-Minhag Avosenu.  The institute is opposed to "interfaith" and any mixing of religious practices or concepts. It encourages traditional religious education, and cooperation between faith communities "as if in a race for virtue."
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The institute is firstly a religious organization. Insha'Allah, it strives to conform in every way to sharia and accepted convention. It is bound to operate within the general precepts of Ahlu-s-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah, the four Madhabs and Jafari fiqh, and Halachah va-Minhag Avosenu.  The institute does not support mixing of religious practices or concepts. It encourages traditional religious education, and cooperation between faith communities "as if in a race for virtue."
  
The visitors to Al-Sadiqin's website include both Muslims and Jews looking for a more authentic conceptual framework to understand the history of Islam and the Banu Israel: One that doesn't presume a fundamental, eternal opposition between them.
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The visitors to Al-Sadiqin's website include both Muslims and Jews looking for a more authentic conceptual framework to understand the history of Islam and the Banu Israel: one that doesn't presume a fundamental, eternal opposition between them.
  
[[File:blank.png]]
 
 
'''Sign up for our AlSadiqin Newsletter: http://www.alsadiqin.org/events/'''
 
'''Sign up for our AlSadiqin Newsletter: http://www.alsadiqin.org/events/'''
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See our grant proposal: [[Grant Proposal 2024]]
  
 
==Alsadiqin Institute==
 
==Alsadiqin Institute==
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Founder Rabbi Ben Abrahamson uses a historiographical approach in his work, with a focus on the identities of the Jews, Christians and proto-Muslims in Arabia at the time of Islam's inception, and how they related to each other.  This work is continued by the Institute.
 
Founder Rabbi Ben Abrahamson uses a historiographical approach in his work, with a focus on the identities of the Jews, Christians and proto-Muslims in Arabia at the time of Islam's inception, and how they related to each other.  This work is continued by the Institute.
  
[[File:the alsadiqin institute intro.png|thumb|none|link=File:The_alsadiqin_institute_intro.pdf|The Al Sadiqin Institute, Introduction 2022]]
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[[File:the alsadiqin institute intro.png|frame|none|link=File:The_alsadiqin_institute_intro.pdf|The Al Sadiqin Institute, Introduction 2022]]
 
 
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==Courts==
 
==Courts==
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* Al Sadiqin advocates for Islam and Muslims to be recognized and achieve their proper, respected place in Jewish law as Noahides.   
 
* Al Sadiqin advocates for Islam and Muslims to be recognized and achieve their proper, respected place in Jewish law as Noahides.   
* Al Sadiqin advocates for symetric jurisprudence for Jews and Christians under Islamic law.   
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* Al Sadiqin advocates for symmetric jurisprudence for Jews and Christians under Islamic law.   
 
* Al Sadiqin seeks to educate jurists and the public in general about ways in which Islamic and Jewish law can co-exist with civil law and secular society.
 
* Al Sadiqin seeks to educate jurists and the public in general about ways in which Islamic and Jewish law can co-exist with civil law and secular society.
  
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Although Al Sadiqin's work with courts is only one facet of the Institute, the goal of providing accurate, binding and sourced material, leaving out religious rhetoric and theological debate, is something that guides all the research done at the Institute.
 
Although Al Sadiqin's work with courts is only one facet of the Institute, the goal of providing accurate, binding and sourced material, leaving out religious rhetoric and theological debate, is something that guides all the research done at the Institute.
 
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==Global ethics==
 
==Global ethics==
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Al Sadiqin actively participates in Religious Diplomacy in areas of conflict in the Middle East, the European Union and Africa.
 
Al Sadiqin actively participates in Religious Diplomacy in areas of conflict in the Middle East, the European Union and Africa.
  
The institute offers an intellectual framework that can assist in conflict resolution in line with Islamic and Judaic values.  Islamic Deen, seen as the equivelent of Rabbinic Noahism, is offered as an alternative to humanism and relativism as foundation for peace.
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The institute offers an intellectual framework that can assist in conflict resolution in line with Islamic and Judaic values.  Islamic Deen, seen as the equivalent of Rabbinic Noahism, is offered as an alternative to humanism and relativism as foundation for peace.
  
 
The institute sees as essential that conflict resolution take place in line with cherished classic and scriptural values that Muslims and Jews hold dear. Otherwise, agreements imposed from without will be resented by local populations, deemed as imperialistic, quasi-colonial interference. Peace agreements, both large scale and small, that organically grow out of our scriptures and shared national heritage are truly the key to lasting peace.
 
The institute sees as essential that conflict resolution take place in line with cherished classic and scriptural values that Muslims and Jews hold dear. Otherwise, agreements imposed from without will be resented by local populations, deemed as imperialistic, quasi-colonial interference. Peace agreements, both large scale and small, that organically grow out of our scriptures and shared national heritage are truly the key to lasting peace.
  
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==AlSadiqin Press==
 
==AlSadiqin Press==
  
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* [https://www.amazon.com/kindle-dbs/entity/author/B09CYSC9PX?_encoding=UTF8&node=2656022011&offset=0&pageSize=100&searchAlias=stripbooks&sort=date-desc-rank&page=1 Alsadiqin Press on AMAZON.COM]
 
* [https://www.amazon.com/kindle-dbs/entity/author/B09CYSC9PX?_encoding=UTF8&node=2656022011&offset=0&pageSize=100&searchAlias=stripbooks&sort=date-desc-rank&page=1 Alsadiqin Press on AMAZON.COM]
  
[[File:divinediversity.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/Divine-Diversity-Orthodox-Engages-Muslims/dp/1503286398|Divine Diversity: An Orthodox Rabbi Engages with Muslims]]
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[[File:divinediversity.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1503286398/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i12|Divine Diversity: An Orthodox Rabbi Engages with Muslims]]
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[[File:yosef_dhu_nuwas.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B09VWRRTZ2/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i1|Yosef Dhu Nuwas: A Sadducean King with Sidelocks: From Tobiah and the beginnings of pre-Christianity, to Tubba’ and the beginnings of Islam]]
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[[File:the_persian_compared.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08QS393J8/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i6|The Persian compared with the Islamic conquest of Jerusalem: Its Messianic nature and the role of the Jewish Exilarch ]]
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[[File:divine_cycles.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B09S61YRD4/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i2|Divine Cycles: The Islamic Jewish Calendar: How the Pilgrimage of the 9th of Av became the Hajj of the 9th of Dhu’al-Hijjah]]
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[[File:the_noble_quran.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B098CX6XNN/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i3|The Noble Qur'an: a word for word interlinear translation: based on The Qur'an Arabic Corpus by Kais Dukes]]
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[[File:israel_and_humanity.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B098CX6XNN/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i3|Israel and Humanity: Study on the Problem of Universal Religion and its Solution: Three Parts]]
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[[File:israel_et_l'humanite.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08H6RKM9S/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i11|Israel et L'Humanite: Etude Sur Le Probleme De La Religion Universelle Et Sa Solution: Trois parties]]
 
[[File:dhu_al-qarnayn_the_great.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BBYBBF4V/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i0|Dhu Al-Qarnayn The Great: Between Cyrus and Alexander Traces of Stories in the Qur'an and Historiography]]
 
[[File:dhu_al-qarnayn_the_great.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BBYBBF4V/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i0|Dhu Al-Qarnayn The Great: Between Cyrus and Alexander Traces of Stories in the Qur'an and Historiography]]
[[File:yosef_dhu_nuwas.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B09VWRRTZ2/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i1|Yosef Dhu Nuwas: A Sadducean King with Sidelocks: From Tobiah and the beginnings of pre-Christianity, to Tubba’ and the beginnings of Islam ]]
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[[File:bias_against_judaism.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08F6M5KYZ/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tpbk_p1_i9|Bias against Judaism in Contemporary Writings: Recognition & Apology]]
 
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[[File:bias_against_judaism_ar.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08L5L48Y4/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i9|Bias against Judaism in Contemporary Writings: Recognition & Apology]]
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[[File:criticism_of_the_text.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BDSMVZWR/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i0|Criticism of the text نقد نص العهد الجديد : نشأته وتطوره وأثره على نص الأناجيل‬]]
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[[File:jewish_christianity.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BDSJWJDW/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i1|Jewish Christianity النسخة الأصلية للمسيحية: دراسة تاريخية مقارنة]]
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[[File:the_imact_of_arius.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BDSHG1TH/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i2|The Impact of Arius أثر خلاف آريوس على نص العهد الجديد‬]]
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[[File:the_positive_role.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BDSDHW1V/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i3|The Positive Role of Minorities الأقلية اليهودية في مصر قديما وحديثا: اعتراف واعتذار]]
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[[File:attitude_towards_judaism.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BDSD6D1V/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i4|Attitude Towards Judaism الموقف من اليهودية: بين السلف والخلف‬]]
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[[File:religion_in_the_light_of_the_holy_books.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BDSCW8VL/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i5|Religion in the light of the Holy Books الدين في ضوء الكتب المقدسة: دراسة مقارنة في التوراة والإنجيل والقرآن]]
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[[File:the_persian_compared_farsi.png|link=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B09C4PRLNY/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_tkin_p1_i8|The Persian compared with the Islamic conquest of Jerusalemمقایسه فتح اورشلیم توسط ایرانیان با فتح مسلمانان: ماهیت موعودگرایانه فتح و نقش اگزیلارچ]]
  
 
==Staff==
 
==Staff==
  
* Ben Abrahamson - Director and Founder. Rabbi Ben Abrahamson is Rabbinical Historian and Director of Al Sadiqin Institute;  [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben613/ LinkedIn] [http://www.facebook.com/ben613 FaceBook] [[File:at_speakers_corner.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTpRhecCbOs|Speakers Cornerنقاش مع حاخام! عدنان و الحاخام بين أبراهامسون في زاوية المتحدثين، الهايد بارك]] [[File:academy_for_cultural_diplomacy.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAbyDqTZ6bQ|Promoting the Culture of Peace and Global Ethics for Conflict Mediation through Cultural Diplomacy: A Lecture by Rabbi Ben Abrahamson]] [[File:faith_and_citizenship.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezGuwlTl-fU|Extracts from the Wales Interfaith Conference 2019 - Jewish Perspectives on Faith and Citizenship]]
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* Ben Abrahamson - Director and Founder. Rabbi Ben Abrahamson is Rabbinical Historian and Director of Al Sadiqin Institute;<br> [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben613/ LinkedIn]<br> [http://www.facebook.com/ben613 FaceBook]<br> [[File:at_speakers_corner.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTpRhecCbOs|Speakers Cornerنقاش مع حاخام! عدنان و الحاخام بين أبراهامسون في زاوية المتحدثين، الهايد بارك]] [[File:academy_for_cultural_diplomacy.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAbyDqTZ6bQ|Promoting the Culture of Peace and Global Ethics for Conflict Mediation through Cultural Diplomacy: A Lecture by Rabbi Ben Abrahamson]] [[File:faith_and_citizenship.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezGuwlTl-fU|Extracts from the Wales Interfaith Conference 2019 - Jewish Perspectives on Faith and Citizenship]]
  
* Rebecca Abrahamson - Activist and Journalist;  [https://www.linkedin.com/in/rebecca-abrahamson-5661128b/ LinkedIn] [http://www.facebook.com/613rebecca FaceBook]
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* Rebecca Abrahamson - Activist and Journalist;<br> [https://www.linkedin.com/in/rebecca-abrahamson-5661128b/ LinkedIn]<br> [http://www.facebook.com/613rebecca FaceBook]
  
 
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===Community Forum===
 
===Community Forum===
  
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* [https://www.twitter.com/AlsadiqinPress Alsadiqin Twitter]
 
* [https://www.twitter.com/AlsadiqinPress Alsadiqin Twitter]
  
[[File:blank.png]]
 
 
'''Sign up for our Al Sadiqin Newsletter: http://www.alsadiqin.org/events/'''
 
'''Sign up for our Al Sadiqin Newsletter: http://www.alsadiqin.org/events/'''
  
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[[Are Jews and Bani-Isra-eel the same?]]
 
 
Q. Are Jews and Bani-Isra-eel the same? The Quran says many time ' Oh, Bani-israal, but never ' Oh Jews'.
 
 
A. The Prophet Yakov/Yakub (pbuh) was given the name Israel in 1555 BCE by an angel. It means "one who has struggled for God['s blessing]." The children of Yakov (pbuh) were called the Children of Israel. Yehudah (pbuh) was the name of the leading son.
 
Orginally “Jew” would have meant a descendant of Judah (pbuh) son of Jacob (pbuh), but rarely used.
 
 
The Children of Israel were early forced to go to Egypt. Upon the death of Yosef (pbuh) in 1451 BCE they began to be forced into slavery. In 1306 BCE, Moses (pbuh) led them out of Egypt where the tribes of Yosef, Gad, and Reuben (pbuh) settled east of the Jordan river. In 1265 BCE, Joshua (pbuh) led the rest of the Children of Israel into lands west of the Jordan river.
 
 
After being ruled by various judges, the Children of Israel made a kingdom known as "Israel", first under Saul (1061 BCE) and then David (1052 BCE) (pbu them). King David (pbuh) conquered the Amalekites (at that time in southern Israel and Sinai), Edom (southern Jordan and Hejez), Moab & Ammon (Jordan) and Aram (Lebanon and eastern Syria). King David (pbuh) forced these people to conform to monotheism. There were thousands converts during this time, and most people adopted at least outwardly Israel's monotheism. Under Solomon (pbuh) 1015-979 BCE, the kingdom of Israel grew to its greatest extent with treaties with nations as far as Africa, Arabia (Saba, Yemen), India, and Greece.
 
 
In 979 BCE, after the death of Solomon (pbuh), the kingdom of Israel was split into two. The northern clans called themselves the "kingdom of Israel" with Samaria (next to Nablus today) as their capital The southern clans called themselves the "king of Judah" because they were located primarily on the ancestral lands of the tribe of Judah. Jerusalem was their capital. The northern kingdom of Israel fell into idolatry and prophets (pbu them) were sent to bring them back. The prophets (pbu them) were largely unsuccessful, and in a series of wars with Tiglath-Pileser III and later Shalmanezer V, the northern clans were deported to Assyria between 744-718 BCE. The southern kingdom of Judah also fell into idolatry, but to a lesser extent. Prophets (pbu them) were sent to bring them back, and eventually the kings repented. However it was too late. In 587 BCE, Jerusalem fell to Nebuchadnezzar and the southern tribes were deported to Babylon.
 
The word "Jew" was used generally for the first time in Babylon, meaning "monotheist"
 
In 537 BCE, Cyrus conquered Bablylon, and as part of his reforms, allowed the Children of Israel to return to the Holy Land. The exile of the kingdom of Judah had been about 50 years (70 since the Temple service ceased). The exile of the kingdom of Israel had been about 200 years. The religious state of the kingdom of Judah and the shortness of their exile meant their culture and religion was strong. This caused the word "Jew" to become synonymous with monotheist. Cyrus sent four governors to rule what was once Solomon's (pbuh) kingdom as a vassal state for Persia. They were Sanballat (Ethiopia+Coast), Tobiah (Syria+trans-Jordan), Zerubavel (Jerusalem) and Gashmu (Arabia). These were all royal families of the Children of Israel.
 
 
In 521 BCE, Zerubavel was given the right to rebuild Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem, while the other three governors were required to support the religious service in Jerusalem. Zerubavel rededicated the altar in Jerualem and this is the last time all 12 tribes of the Children of Israel are mentioned. Later there was a falling out. To assist in their rule, three of the governors intermarried with local nobility. In 458 BCE, Ezra (pbuh), a priest and scribe, led a group of religious Children of Israel from Babylon to Israel. He objected to the influence of the foreign wives on the nobility.
 
 
After Nehemiah, the word "Jew" became to mean "those who did not intermarry with foreign wives"
 
In 445 BCE, Nehemiah (pbuh) ordered a gathering outside Jerusalem asking all the Children of Israel to renounce idolatry and divorce their foreign wives. Anyone who did not would be erased from the book of genealogy and they would be cut off from the Children of Israel. This caused a backlash with each governor who already resented that they had to support the Temple in Jerusalem. As my research shows, each created its own form of worship. Sanballat and his intermarried people were called the "guardians [of the traditions of God]" called "Shomrim", known today as Samaritans. Tobiah and his intermarried people were called the "keepers [of the traditions of God]" called "Notzrim", known later as Nasaara. Gashmu's people were called "dwellers [in the land of God]" called "Toshav", known later as tsabi or Sabians. Erza and Nehemiah's people were called "Yehudim".
 
 
In 332 BCE, Alexander the Great came [almost] to Jerusalem and honored Shimon HaTzadik. The Samaritans and the people of Tobiah petitioned him to give Jerusalem to them, but Alexander confirmed the "Jews" to continue to control the worship at Jerusalem. Hellenism began to greatly influence the Middle East. The vast majority of the people of Sanballat left the Torah traditions, with only a few left, centered around Mount Gerizim. Tobiah's people split in half. Those who sided with Syria became Hellenized and left Torah. Those who sided with Egypt took to the caves and became monks after the Ptolomies no longer had influence in their land. Some began to fall into idolatry. The people of Gashmu fell into idolatry, although maintained some "Jewish" practices. The Jews who mixed Hellenism with Judaism were called Sadducees. Those who didn't, and remained deeply religious, were called Pharisees.
 
 
In 159 BCE, with the rise of Rome, there was a resurgence of traditional Judaism. The Maccabees expelled the Hellenist leadership from the Holy Land and established an independent state. They were immediately recognized by Rome, who saw them as an ally against Syria. The last Hellenized priest Onias IV fled to Egypt where he made a Temple there and also in Arabia for "God fearing" non-Jews to offer sacrifices and participate in a kind of "Jewish" practices. The next generation of Maccabees, calling themselves the Hasmoneans, envisioned they would restore Solomon's kingdom. They began to subdue to provinces of Galiliee, trans-Jordan and Arabia. They forced all their inhabitants to keep full Mosaic tradition. They called themselves "Israel". The Romans with a smaller vision of their future, called their kingdom "Judea."
 
 
In Jesus' (pbuh) time, the word "Jew" meant "those who support the leadership in Jerusalem"
 
In 37 BCE, one of the mixed Tobiad / Edomite (Arab) families included Herod. Herod had been trained in Rome, and was confirmed by Rome to rule Judea. Being of Edomite lineage himself, he sought to remove any distinction between Edomite (Idūmaeas) and Jew (Iudaeus). Some of the greatest families in the priesthood and nobility were of mix ancestry Arab and Jewish, and the most zealous of these during the period of Jesus (pbuh) were called "Jews". Because there were so many new people included, the people no longer called themselves "Children of Israel" rather they began to use the term "Nation of Israel"
 
 
By 70 CE, Rome saw no more need for an independent ally against Syria. They increased taxes and harsh governance of Judea. Eventually the Jews revolted and almost succeeded to throw off Roman rule. Those who had benefited most from Hasmoean and later Herodian rule became zealots and led the revolt against Rome. Eventually after many, many losses on both sides, Rome conquered Jerusalem. However as Josephus explains, Jerusalem was a symbol and light to the entire region, as Athens was to the entire Greek world. From Egypt to Arabia, from Asia minor to Persia, there began a second revolt against Rome. And in 135 CE, the last rebellion supported by Persia and its leader Bar Kockba was utterly crushed. The Romans, tied of zealots and afraid of revolt, placed a Pharisaic Jew in charge of the Sanhedrin and declared Pharisaic Judaism (later to be known as Rabbinic Judaism) to be the only official form of Judaism. This ruling was reversed and the Sanhedrin abolished in 353 CE, shortly after Rome adopted Christianity.
 
 
By Bar Kockba's time, and for the next thousand years, "Jew" meant "those who oppose Rome".
 
There were pockets of resistance to Rome. It started in 470 CE when the "Jews" of Persia revolted against the Mazdakites who wished to take their children and make them into Zoroastrians. This was the first, short lived independant regime, until its leaders Mar Zutra and others were crucified at the entrance to Mahoza. A relative of Mar Zutra and claimed descendant of Herod, Dhu Nuwas, tried to revolt against Rome in Arabia. He waged war on those he thought sympathic to Rome. His people were Arabs who had been practicing Sadducean Judaism for centuries, mixed with idolatry. In 525 CE, Dhu Nuwas and his people were crushed by Rome through their Ethiopian allies. The next decades saw a series of uprisings of Samaritans against the Romans.
 
 
In Muhammad's (pbuh) time, "Jew" meant "those who kept Sadducean Judaism".
 
In Arabia, for centuries there had been some measure of freedom to practice Judaism. The Tubba' kings claimed descent from Tobiah and Herod. They established "Jewish" worship based on Sadducean Judaism, Hellenism and by that time idolatry. They controlled a portion of the spice road and became wealthy. When the spice trade collapsed, the Tubba' dynasty lost all power. The Jews and Christians of Arabia used religion as a political weapon, insisting that one must become either Jewish or Christian, meaning to side with Persia or Rome, and left no middle ground. The Qur'an never says ' Oh Jews' because it means "those who keep Judaism" by choice, and not a people. When the Prophet (pbuh) came, he wished to bring the entire religion to Monotheism. The Arabs who kept this mix of Sadducean Judaism, as well as their priestly allies, fought the reforms of the Prophet (pbuh). They wished to hide the message of a simple Abrahamic faith. The Prophet (pbuh) was instructed to annul their obligation to Moasic Judaism, and replace it with something better, easier.
 
 
The Qur'an says the "Jews" of the Qur'an believed Ezra was the son of God. (Surely Allah SWT is above that). Al Jahiz refers to a Jewish group termed Saduqiyya (Sadducees) which are found in the Yemen, Syria, and Byzantine territory. He says their name stems from "a man whose name was Zadok (the student of Antigonus of Sokho), and that they held that 'Uzayr was the son of God. Ibn Hazm records ''Al Saduqiyyh: This sect associates itself with a person called Saduq (Zadok). Differing with all other Jews, they regard Uzayr (Ezra) as the son of God. They live in Yemen. (Ibn Hazm's Kitab al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa al-Ahwa wa al-Nihal)
 
 
As the Prophet (pbuh) struggled to bring the entire religion to Monotheism, the Muslims were originally thought to be Jews. Not until 638 CE, when the Muslims conquered Jerusalem, and agreed to the Christian request to create a shrine on the Dome of the Rock -- in fact, largely because of this event -- were they recognized as something else.
 
 
From 642-833 CE, due to direct intervention of the Caliphate, "Jew" was redefined to mean "Rabbinic Judaism"
 
The Sadducean Jews in Arabia continued to revolt against the Prophet (pbuh). They sided with the Kharijites against the Caliphate. Samaritan Jews in the Holy Land continued to revolt against Rome. Shortly after the Muslims conquered Jerusalem, and according to Sebeos after another plot to cause bloodshed in Jerusalem, Caliph 'Umar (pbuh) decided to put an end to all these revolts. In 642 CE, he deposed the Exilarch Heman (I propose same as Abdullah ibn Saba) and appointed Bustanai, a representative of Rabbinic Judaism from the academic schools in Babylon, to be Exilarch. He determined Rabbinic Jews to be different from the other sects, more religious, less hedonistic, offering prayer, charity and learning of Torah as required by Islamic law, but most of all more pacifist. For the first time in almost seven centuries, since Queen Salome Alexandra (141–67 BCE), did Rabbinic/Pharisaic Judaism have political leadership of the Jews. And now they were the only authorized form of Judaism throughout the Islamic empire for the next two centuries.
 
 
Khazaria and the last of the "Judaizers"
 
The non-Rabbinic Jews tried to find autonomy outside the Islamic Empire. They succeed in forming a Jewish state in Khazaria from 600CE to 800CE. This was encouraged for a while by the Romans, because it limited the advance of the Umayyad Caliphate and its Abbasid successor. But eventually it was destroyed by the Rus (Russians) and held up in the West as the last example of the militant "Jew" who fought against Christian Rome. The creation of that state was called "Judaizing", a charge that transfered to Rabbinic Jews without reason, after the disappearance of the Khazars.
 
 
Caliph Al-Ma'mun (813-33 CE) abolished the decree giving Rabbinic Judaism exclusive leadership throughout the Islamic empire. The academies remained in Babylon (Iraq), but the Exilarchs and many Rabbinic leaders found more favorable conditions in Egypt and later in Spain. The Crusades revived interest in the "zealot Jews" and the "judaizing" opponents of Rome, and by extension Christianity. Stories dating back to the independent kingdoms of Dhu Nuwas and Khazaria found new life in wild tales of the lost ten tribes.
 
Europe meets Rabbinic “Jews” effectively for first time
 
In 1492, Spain fearing that the recently conquered Jews would betray them to the Muslims, expelled all Jews from their lands. Many traveled to the Ottoman empire. Many to France and later Germany and then Ukraine. Some to the Holy Land. For the first time Europe had contact with Rabbinic Jews and it took four hundred years for Europeans to realize that these Jews were very different from the image of Jews they had from the New Testament, or legends of warrior Jews beyond the Carpathian mountains or Arabian deserts.
 
 
For three hundred years, Rabbinic Jews grew up in Europe and their counterparts, along with Karaite and to a smaller extent Samaritan Jews, grew up under the Ottoman empire. Napolean, with his conquests, brought these both together. The oriental Jews were originally called Franks, after the French Napolean who had put them on the road to emancipation and facilitated their traveling in Europe. For the first time Europe began to see much more Oriental Jews, and the Muslims came in contact with the Western, Enlightenment Jews. The Jews had been so much of an outcast in Europe that emancipation was welcomed by many. Secularization and French Laïcité had become the new Hellenism, and whole communities were leaving Torah. Some following the logical result of this trend became political reformers, social reformers, liberal activists and some became champions of Communism.
 
 
Today
 
The Jewish leadership declared this a crisis, but there was much disagreement on what to do. This resulted in Rabbinical Judaism breaking into three movements. The path of learning, originally based in Lithuania, stressed a sheltered Torah lifestyle safeguarded from any outside influence. The path of the mystic, originally based in Poland and Ukraine, which stressed the importance of being happy in adversity through a spiritual reading of Torah. The path of the nationalist, inspired by the nationalism of the 1800s, which sought a home for the Jewish people. Today, all three of these types are called "Jews".
 
  
 
===Ben Abrahamson's Notes===
 
===Ben Abrahamson's Notes===
* [[Ben Abrahamson's Notes|General index]]
+
* [[Ben Abrahamson's Notes|Articles Written by Staff of the Alsadiqin Institute]]
  
 
===Recent Additions to the Library===
 
===Recent Additions to the Library===

Latest revision as of 19:08, 12 March 2024

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المسجد الاقصى Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa
علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب Imam ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib
'Uzair (Nehemiah ben Hushiel)
سلمان الفارسي Salman Farisi (Shallum ben Hushiel)
سُوۡرَةُ البَقَرَة
وَلِكُلٍّ۬ وِجۡهَةٌ هُوَ مُوَلِّيہَا‌ۖ فَٱسۡتَبِقُواْ ٱلۡخَيۡرَٲتِ‌ۚ أَيۡنَ مَا تَكُونُواْ يَأۡتِ بِكُمُ ٱللَّهُ جَمِيعًا‌ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَىۡءٍ۬ قَدِيرٌ۬ ١٤٨

2.148 To each is a goal to which Allah turns him; then strive together (as in a race) Towards all that is good. Wheresoever ye are, Allah will bring you Together. For Allah Hath power over all things.

سُوۡرَةُ آل عِمرَان
يُؤۡمِنُونَ بِٱللَّهِ وَٱلۡيَوۡمِ ٱلۡأَخِرِ وَيَأۡمُرُونَ بِٱلۡمَعۡرُوفِ وَيَنۡهَوۡنَ عَنِ ٱلۡمُنكَرِ وَيُسَـٰرِعُونَ فِى ٱلۡخَيۡرَٲتِ وَأُوْلَـٰٓٮِٕكَ مِنَ ٱلصَّـٰلِحِينَ ١١٤

3.114 They believe in Allah and the last day, and they enjoin what is right and forbid the wrong and they strive with one another in hastening to good deeds, and those are among the good.

سُوۡرَةُ یُونس
فَإِن كُنتَ فِى شَكٍّ۬ مِّمَّآ أَنزَلۡنَآ إِلَيۡكَ فَسۡـَٔلِ ٱلَّذِينَ يَقۡرَءُونَ ٱلۡڪِتَـٰبَ مِن قَبۡلِكَ‌ۚ لَقَدۡ جَآءَكَ ٱلۡحَقُّ مِن رَّبِّكَ فَلَا تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ ٱلۡمُمۡتَرِينَ ٩٤

10.94 But if you are in doubt as to what We have revealed to you, ask those who read the Book before you; certainly the truth has come to you from your Lord, therefore you should not be of the disputers.

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Mission Statement

As-salamu 'alaykum wa rahmat-Ullah wa barakatuH

The Alsadiqin Institute is an association of Muslim and Rabbinic scholars of history and jurisprudence. The institute is committed to promoting research among our scholars, and making the fruits of that research available in simple terms, accessible to the general public through books, booklets, seminars and conferences, open to the general public.

The emphasis of our research is historical rather than theological, although conducted by deeply religious scholars. The focus is to faithfully connect traditional religious narrative to a more inclusive, broader, historical framework. The goal is to apply this deeper understanding in the field of modern jurisprudence and human relations.

As a community service, the Institute publishes a series in news outlets entitled, “Giving Voice to Muslims who Seek Peace” in order to raise awareness in of the peaceful nature of Islam; engages in public speaking and diplomacy; and hosts vibrant discussions on social media.

The institute is firstly a religious organization. Insha'Allah, it strives to conform in every way to sharia and accepted convention. It is bound to operate within the general precepts of Ahlu-s-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah, the four Madhabs and Jafari fiqh, and Halachah va-Minhag Avosenu. The institute does not support mixing of religious practices or concepts. It encourages traditional religious education, and cooperation between faith communities "as if in a race for virtue."

The visitors to Al-Sadiqin's website include both Muslims and Jews looking for a more authentic conceptual framework to understand the history of Islam and the Banu Israel: one that doesn't presume a fundamental, eternal opposition between them.

Sign up for our AlSadiqin Newsletter: http://www.alsadiqin.org/events/

See our grant proposal: Grant Proposal 2024

Alsadiqin Institute

Founder Rabbi Ben Abrahamson uses a historiographical approach in his work, with a focus on the identities of the Jews, Christians and proto-Muslims in Arabia at the time of Islam's inception, and how they related to each other. This work is continued by the Institute.

The Al Sadiqin Institute, Introduction 2022

Courts

Al Sadiqin provides expert witnesses concerning Halachic and Shari'ah law to religious courts. This includes the interaction of these legal systems with each other, and their interaction with civil law. This also includes the relationship of religious and civil law from an historical perspective.

  • Al Sadiqin advocates for Islam and Muslims to be recognized and achieve their proper, respected place in Jewish law as Noahides.
  • Al Sadiqin advocates for symmetric jurisprudence for Jews and Christians under Islamic law.
  • Al Sadiqin seeks to educate jurists and the public in general about ways in which Islamic and Jewish law can co-exist with civil law and secular society.

Al Sadiqin is participating in laying the groundwork necessary to create a Joint Interconnected Religious Court to fulfill the model of Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīnah (the Constitution of Medina). It draws from the rich heritage and broad experience of the Ottoman millet system. The JIRC is seen as the first step in creating an regional Ummah Wahida (Islamic Union).

Although Al Sadiqin's work with courts is only one facet of the Institute, the goal of providing accurate, binding and sourced material, leaving out religious rhetoric and theological debate, is something that guides all the research done at the Institute.

Global ethics

Al Sadiqin actively participates in Religious Diplomacy in areas of conflict in the Middle East, the European Union and Africa.

The institute offers an intellectual framework that can assist in conflict resolution in line with Islamic and Judaic values. Islamic Deen, seen as the equivalent of Rabbinic Noahism, is offered as an alternative to humanism and relativism as foundation for peace.

The institute sees as essential that conflict resolution take place in line with cherished classic and scriptural values that Muslims and Jews hold dear. Otherwise, agreements imposed from without will be resented by local populations, deemed as imperialistic, quasi-colonial interference. Peace agreements, both large scale and small, that organically grow out of our scriptures and shared national heritage are truly the key to lasting peace.

AlSadiqin Press

Al Sadiqin is committed to providing the finest quality publications for the scholar and layperson alike.

Divine Diversity: An Orthodox Rabbi Engages with Muslims Yosef Dhu Nuwas: A Sadducean King with Sidelocks: From Tobiah and the beginnings of pre-Christianity, to Tubba’ and the beginnings of Islam The Persian compared with the Islamic conquest of Jerusalem: Its Messianic nature and the role of the Jewish Exilarch Divine Cycles: The Islamic Jewish Calendar: How the Pilgrimage of the 9th of Av became the Hajj of the 9th of Dhu’al-Hijjah The Noble Qur'an: a word for word interlinear translation: based on The Qur'an Arabic Corpus by Kais Dukes Israel and Humanity: Study on the Problem of Universal Religion and its Solution: Three Parts Israel et L'Humanite: Etude Sur Le Probleme De La Religion Universelle Et Sa Solution: Trois parties Dhu Al-Qarnayn The Great: Between Cyrus and Alexander Traces of Stories in the Qur'an and Historiography Bias against Judaism in Contemporary Writings: Recognition & Apology Bias against Judaism in Contemporary Writings: Recognition & Apology Criticism of the text نقد نص العهد الجديد : نشأته وتطوره وأثره على نص الأناجيل‬ Jewish Christianity النسخة الأصلية للمسيحية: دراسة تاريخية مقارنة The Impact of Arius أثر خلاف آريوس على نص العهد الجديد‬ The Positive Role of Minorities الأقلية اليهودية في مصر قديما وحديثا: اعتراف واعتذار Attitude Towards Judaism الموقف من اليهودية: بين السلف والخلف‬ Religion in the light of the Holy Books الدين في ضوء الكتب المقدسة: دراسة مقارنة في التوراة والإنجيل والقرآن The Persian compared with the Islamic conquest of Jerusalemمقایسه فتح اورشلیم توسط ایرانیان با فتح مسلمانان: ماهیت موعودگرایانه فتح و نقش اگزیلارچ

Staff

  • Ben Abrahamson - Director and Founder. Rabbi Ben Abrahamson is Rabbinical Historian and Director of Al Sadiqin Institute;
    LinkedIn
    FaceBook
    Speakers Cornerنقاش مع حاخام! عدنان و الحاخام بين أبراهامسون في زاوية المتحدثين، الهايد بارك Promoting the Culture of Peace and Global Ethics for Conflict Mediation through Cultural Diplomacy: A Lecture by Rabbi Ben Abrahamson Extracts from the Wales Interfaith Conference 2019 - Jewish Perspectives on Faith and Citizenship

Community Forum

Sign up for our Al Sadiqin Newsletter: http://www.alsadiqin.org/events/

Learning Resources

Ben Abrahamson's Notes

Recent Additions to the Library

Primary Sources

  • al-Qurʾān - the Message verbally revealed by Allah SWT to Muhammad (pbuh) through the angel Gabriel (Jibril)
  • Tafsīr - Islamic exegesis. Quran is the word of Allah SWT, therefore, in order to understand it in the true sense, a person has to sharpen his or her intellectual ability as well as increase the knowledge, this is done through the Tafsir.
  • Haddith - Reports describing the words, actions, or habits of the Prophet (pbuh). Meaning a "report", "account" or "narrative". Hadith are second only to the Quran in developing Islamic jurisprudence, and regarded as important tools for understanding the Quran and commentaries (tafsir) written on it.
  • Al-sīra al-Nabawiyya - the various traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad from which, in addition to the Quran and trustable Hadiths, most historical information about his life and the early period of Islam is derived.
  • Fiqh - Islamic jurisprudence, the human understanding of the Sharia expanded and developed by interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and Sunnah by Islamic jurists (Ulama) and implemented by the rulings (Fatwa) of jurists on questions presented to them.

Organizations

The major madhabs

Some regions have a dominant or official madhhab; others recognize a variety.

In the modern era, w:Sadiq al-Mahdi, the former Prime Minister of Sudan, defined the recognized schools of Muslim jurisprudence as eight specific schools. The Amman Message, a three-point ruling issued by 200 Islamic scholars from over 50 countries, officially recognizes those eight legal schools of thought.

Madhab schools of jurisprudence are each named after the classical jurist who taught them. The four primary Sunni schools are the w:Hanafi, w:Shafi'i, w:Maliki and w:Hanbali rites. The w:Zahiri school remains in existence but outside of the mainstream, while the w:Jariri, w:Laythi, w:Awza'i and w:Thawri have become extinct.

The extant schools share most of their rulings, but differ on the particular practices which they may accept as authentic and the varying weights they give to Qiyas (analogical) reason and pure reason.

The schools of law

Individual leaders, sorted by years of activity

Major Islamic groups

See also

  • Series on Islam
  • History of Islam. An excellent series of introductory articles
  • A Brief Guide to Understanding Islam: A brief illustrated Web site for non-Muslims who would like to understand Islam, Muslims, and the Holy Quran. This guide is simple to read, yet it is rich in information and references.
  • Books on Islam and Muslims: HilalPlaza offers elegant Islamic Clothing and Islamic Shopping that includes Muslim and modest clothing for men, women and children and Islamic Books.

Sign up for our AlSadiqin Newsletter: http://www.alsadiqin.org/events/