This manuscript is still in preparation, comments are invited. The following points will be addressed by the manuscript.

1. Tobias, Sanballat, Nehemiah and Gashmu represent Jewish governors of equal rank (possible all of royal "Davidic" descent) to govern different regions of the Trans-Euphrates.
2. Nehemiah was given charge of the single Temple, and allowed to collect taxes from the other three governor's regions. (Implying that the Temple in some way served their native population)
3. Each of the three other regions tried to establish sacrificial altars to rival Jerusalem (Mt. Gezerim, Iraq al-Amir. etc)
4. To assist in tax farming for the Persians, each governor (with the exception of Nehemiah) intermarried with the leadership of the local non-Jewish population.
5. The Tobiads intermarried with the Prophets, and claimed a place as Levites in the Temple.
6. The Tobiads lived as if Biblical Joseph were their ancestor. They were viceroys (governors), tax collectors, interpreters of dreams, predictors of the future (built columbaria, raised doves as a prophetic device)
7. Some of the Tobiads supported the Ptolemies, whereas the other sons went over to the Seleucid Antiochus III who had conquered Coele-Syria and Judea from the Ptolemies.
8. The Tobiads laid claim to Petra, but governorship of that area had been granted by the Romans to the Nabateans, so they began to use the title Antipatris (against Petra).
9. Herod was a Tobiad. He continuously warred with the Nabateans to put forward his claim to Trans-Jordan and Northern Arabia.
10. Tobias was called a "slave" for the same reason Herod was called a "slave".
11. The descendants of Herod ruled in Chalqis and eventually Armenia
12. The ancient Tubba king called Africus was really Agripas (transposition of letters).
13. The tradition of Bilqis bint Shurahil (Israel), the Arabic Queen of Sheba, is not about a Yemenite queen who comes to marry King Solomon, but rather a Jewish queen, descendant of the Hasmoneans, heir to Chalqis, who marries a Yemenite king (Shamir Yuhar'esh II Tubba', 275 CE) and reinvigorates the house of Himyar, to the point that it can negotiate a treaty on equal footing with Persia.
14. Odenathus was a Tobiad, and was known by the title "Ben Netzer" in reference to the title claimed by Tobias in Zechariah 6:12
15. Zenobia was Jewish, and sought to give precedence to monotheism in her kingdom
16. With the destruction of Palmyra in 273, there was a major migration of refugees to Egypt and Arabia.
17. The mixture of monotheism and semitic idolatry was imported to Arabia and became known as shirk
18. Linguistic derivation of Saracen
19. With the influx of people, militia, and money from Palmyra - and marriage to the royal family - the waning kingdom of Himyar was reinvigerated in 275CE.
20. The Kings of Himyar began using the title Tubba, in reference to Tobiads.
21. Tubban kings named "Shamir" were in reference to Samaritans
22. Based on either a Tobiad or Herodian geneological relationship, The Tubbas viewed themselves as the continuation of the Davidic Dynasty, as Tabari has 'Amr b. Tubdn As'ad reciting "We exercise royal power over all other peoples; we have the connections of nobility and power, after the two Tubba's. We assumed royal power after Dawid (David) for a lengthy period, and we made the kings of East and West ourslaves."
23. The al-Azd were confused to be of Yemenite origin because their king was of Yemenite
24. The Asd took control of the Ka'aba and displaced the negro populace who had served the Temple for the past three centuries (the Jurham).
25. The Jurham fled to Habash (Abyssia) and complained to the king there. This angered the Abyssian rulers and from 350 CE the sovereign of Axum (between the Red Sea and the Nile) joined to his other titles that of King of the Himyarites.
26. The Oniad (Tzaddokite) priesthood remained at the Ka'aba (the ancestors of the Quraish), but their sympathies during times of trouble would remain with the Abyssinian rulers. (This is perhaps why the Prophet, when his followers were suffering their greatest persecution, sent them to Abyssinia).
27. The reforms of the "two Rabbis from Yatrib" taken by Tubba to Yemen, were another name for the reforms by Qussai in Mecca. (Covering the Ka'aba, preventing impurities from reaching the Ka'aba, etc)
28. The Jews of Medina say the altar as a "kosher" place of worship.
29. The Talmud (Menuchos) discusses the Temple of Onias in Egypt. Immediately afterward it discusses Jewish priests who serve an alter in the trans-Jordan. This other altar, they claim was idolatrous. I propose they were referring the Ka'aba when the idol Hubal was still placed there.
30. Qussai's "town hall" in Medina, where public matters were decided and new months were declared was a Sanhedrin.
31. The Quraish were a priestly clan descended from Onais
32. The Haddith referring to "Jews declaring their times of prayer by fire" refers to declaring the new month
33. Abu Karib's grandson As'ad Tubba, had control of the "silk road" to Yemen, set up a string of synagogues between Mecca and China (India?) to spread his religion and communicate with his representatives in the far east.
34. After the failed attempt at creating a independent Jewish State in Babylon by Mar Zutra in 470CE, the Persian King began to wipe out the exilarch's family.
35. One daughter escaped to Samarqand, where she met Yasir Tubba (grandson of the still living king), on one of his business trips to the east.
36. Dhu Nuwas was the son of this daughter and Yasir Tubba.
37. When Hassan Yuha'min Tubba passed away, Dhu Nuwas returned to Yemen to claim the throne
38. Dhu Nuwas refers to "beautiful sidelocks" in the Persian style, a custom unheard of in Arabia, and implies his adoption of Persian Judaism
39. Dhu Nuwas' family symbol of a dove was derived from the Tobiad custom of raising doves
40. While the approach of the Jewish of Ezra, and later the Babylonian academies was to be restrictive in the usage of the term "Jew" to those who followed their traditions. The approach of the Exilarch was to be inclusive, declaring Samaritans, Helenists, Sadducees, and even Jews who had adopted some proto-Christian ideas (Nasaara) - to be his subjects.
41. Dhu Nuwas adopted title of "King of all the Tribes", refers to all the tribes of Israel.
42. Dhu Nuwas' attack on Najran was to create a "Jewish State" and was in direct imitation of the attempt by Mar Zutra, and led to a similar attempts in the years before and after by the Samaritans.
43. Dhu Nuwas brought out a replica of the Ark of the Covenant to rally troops against Abyssinia. Abyssinia won the war and captured the Ark which is still on display in Axum adorned even today with the Tobiad/Himyar dove
44. Dhu Nuwas returned to Yemen to claim the throne and eject the "evil" (Christian) Chief Luhay'ath Yanuf who had assumed power during the later years of the kings rule.
45. The line of Tubba kings as reconstructed from epigraphic evidence is displayed here # The Tobiad / Tubba' Dynasty, (cont')
46. The term Ansar, although later meaning the helpers of the prophet, was chosen because the Aws and Khazraj were previously referred to as the nasaara. This leads Tabari and others to refer to the "ansar" even before the rise of Islam.
47. The Nasaara were Jews who had adopted some Christian teachings. As such both Jews and Nasaara continued to keep Ashura (Yom Kippur) albeit with different calendars.
48. The Nasaara and the Aliahudi were both "People of the Book" because they were both Jews (i.e. descended of those who had practiced Judaism during the second temple period).