Exilarch - Revision history

ابن اليمن at 10:45, 17 August 2007

2007-08-17T10:45:58Z

ابن اليمن at 10:24, 17 August 2007

2007-08-17T10:24:31Z

ابن اليمن at 10:23, 17 August 2007

2007-08-17T10:23:41Z

ابن اليمن at 10:22, 17 August 2007

2007-08-17T10:22:22Z

ابن اليمن at 10:21, 17 August 2007

2007-08-17T10:21:23Z

ابن اليمن at 10:08, 17 August 2007

2007-08-17T10:08:46Z

ابن اليمن: /* Holders of the office */

2007-08-17T10:04:59Z

‎Holders of the office

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ابن اليمن at 06:53, 17 August 2007

2007-08-17T06:53:32Z

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 '''Exilarch''' (Aramaic language:  ריש גלותא ''Reish Galuta'' lit. "Head of the Exile") (Greek language: Aechmalotarcha) refers to the leader of the Jews of the Babylonian captivity of Judah. After the fall of the first Temple in Jerusalem, the Greeks used the term to refer to the leader of the people. The people were called ''golah'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Book of Jeremiah 28:6, 29:1; Book of Ezekiel ''passim''<nowiki>]</nowiki> or ''galut'' [Jeremiah 29:22].
-The origin of this dignity is not known, but the princely post was hereditary in a family that traced its descent from the royal Davidic line. It was recognized by the state and carried with it certain definite prerogatives. The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian Empire. The office lasted to the 6th century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanid dynastys). From 512 to 520CE, the exilarch Mar Zutra attempted, but failed, to make the Jews politically independent in Babylon. A similar attempt by a relative of the exilarch, Dhu Nuwas, was made in Arabia.  The puppet exilarch Nehemiah ben Hushiel led Persian troops into Palestine between 608-614CE in a "Jewish crusade", but ended disasterously in his death and the sack of Jerusalem in 614CE. This string of failures led the brother of Nehemia, Shallum ben Hushiel (Salmaan Farsi) to swear allegiance to the founder of Islam.  A revolt by Shallum's son, Heman I (Abdallah ibn Saba) however, led to much loss of life on both Muslim and Jewish sides, and the title was removed from that line and given to the younger line of exilarchs, Bostanai, in the seventh century. Exilarchs continued to be appointed through the 11th century. Under Arab rule, the exilarch was treated with great pomp and circumstance (cf. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield's novel ''Alroy'').
+The origin of this dignity is not known, but the princely post was hereditary in a family that traced its descent from the royal Davidic line. It was recognized by the state and carried with it certain definite prerogatives. The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian Empire. The office lasted to the 6th century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanid dynastys). During the years 512 to 520CE, the exilarch Mar Zutra attempted, but failed, to make the Jews politically independent in Babylon. In 525CE, a similar attempt was made by a relative of the exilarch, Dhu Nuwas, in Arabia.  The puppet exilarch Nehemiah ben Hushiel led Persian troops into Palestine between 608-614CE in a "Jewish crusade" that ended disasterously in his death and the sack of Jerusalem in 614CE. This string of disasters led the brother of Nehemia, Shallum ben Hushiel (Salmaan Farsi) to swear allegiance to the founder of Islam.  However, in 642CE, a revolt by Shallum's son, Heman I (Abdallah ibn Saba) led to much loss of life on both Muslim and Jewish sides, causing the title to be removed from that line and given to the younger line of exilarchs, Bostanai. Exilarchs continued to be appointed through the 11th century. Under Arab rule, the exilarch was treated with great pomp and circumstance (cf. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield's novel ''Alroy'').
 ==Development and organization==

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 '''Exilarch''' (Aramaic language:  ריש גלותא ''Reish Galuta'' lit. "Head of the Exile") (Greek language: Aechmalotarcha) refers to the leader of the Jews of the Babylonian captivity of Judah. After the fall of the first Temple in Jerusalem, the Greeks used the term to refer to the leader of the people. The people were called ''golah'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Book of Jeremiah 28:6, 29:1; Book of Ezekiel ''passim''<nowiki>]</nowiki> or ''galut'' [Jeremiah 29:22].
-The origin of this dignity is not known, but the princely post was hereditary in a family that traced its descent from the royal Davidic line. It was recognized by the state and carried with it certain definite prerogatives. The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian Empire. The office lasted to the 6th century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanid dynastys). From 512 to 520CE, the exilarch Mar Zutra attempted, but failed, to make the Jews politically independent in Babylon. A similar attempt by a relative of the exilarch, Dhu Nuwas, was made in Arabia.  The puppet exilarch Nehemiah ben Hushiel led Persian troops into Palestine between 608-614CE in a "Jewish crusade", but ended disasterously his death and the sack of Jerusalem in 614CE. This string of failures led the brother of Nehemia, Shallum ben Hushiel (Salmaan Farsi) to swear allegiance to the founder of Islam.  A revolt by Shallum's son Heman I (Abdallah ibn Saba) however, led to much loss of life on both Muslim and Jewish sides, and the title was removed from that line and given to the younger line of exilarchs, Bostanai, in the seventh century. Exilarchs continued to be appointed through the 11th century. Under Arab rule, the exilarch was treated with great pomp and circumstance (cf. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield's novel ''Alroy'').
+The origin of this dignity is not known, but the princely post was hereditary in a family that traced its descent from the royal Davidic line. It was recognized by the state and carried with it certain definite prerogatives. The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian Empire. The office lasted to the 6th century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanid dynastys). From 512 to 520CE, the exilarch Mar Zutra attempted, but failed, to make the Jews politically independent in Babylon. A similar attempt by a relative of the exilarch, Dhu Nuwas, was made in Arabia.  The puppet exilarch Nehemiah ben Hushiel led Persian troops into Palestine between 608-614CE in a "Jewish crusade", but ended disasterously in his death and the sack of Jerusalem in 614CE. This string of failures led the brother of Nehemia, Shallum ben Hushiel (Salmaan Farsi) to swear allegiance to the founder of Islam.  A revolt by Shallum's son, Heman I (Abdallah ibn Saba) however, led to much loss of life on both Muslim and Jewish sides, and the title was removed from that line and given to the younger line of exilarchs, Bostanai, in the seventh century. Exilarchs continued to be appointed through the 11th century. Under Arab rule, the exilarch was treated with great pomp and circumstance (cf. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield's novel ''Alroy'').
 ==Development and organization==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Exilarch''' (Aramaic language:  ריש גלותא ''Reish Galuta'' lit. "Head of the Exile") (Greek language: Aechmalotarcha) refers to the leader of the Jews of the Babylonian captivity of Judah. After the fall of the first Temple in Jerusalem, the Greeks used the term to refer to the leader of the people. The people were called ''golah'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Book of Jeremiah 28:6, 29:1; Book of Ezekiel ''passim''<nowiki>]</nowiki> or ''galut'' [Jeremiah 29:22].
-The origin of this dignity is not known, but the princely post was hereditary in a family that traced its descent from the royal Davidic line. It was recognized by the state and carried with it certain definite prerogatives. The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian Empire. The office lasted to the 6th century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanid dynastys). From 512 to 520CE, the exilarch Mar Zutra (exilarch) attempted, but failed, to make the Jews politically independent in Babylon. A similar attempt by a relative of the exilarch by Dhu Nuwas was made in Arabia.  The puppet exilarch Nehemiah ben Hushiel led Persian troops into Palestine between 608-614CE in a "Jewish crusade", but ended disasterously his death and the sack of Jerusalem in 614CE. This string of failures led the brother of Nehemia, Shallum ben Hushiel (Salmaan Farsi) to swear allegiance to the founder of Islam.  A revolt by Shallum's son Heman I (Abdallah ibn Saba) however, led to much loss of life on both Muslim and Jewish sides, and the title was removed from that line and given to the younger line of exilarchs, Bostanai, in the seventh century. Exilarchs continued to be appointed through the 11th century. Under Arab rule, the exilarch was treated with great pomp and circumstance (cf. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield's novel ''Alroy'').
+The origin of this dignity is not known, but the princely post was hereditary in a family that traced its descent from the royal Davidic line. It was recognized by the state and carried with it certain definite prerogatives. The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian Empire. The office lasted to the 6th century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanid dynastys). From 512 to 520CE, the exilarch Mar Zutra attempted, but failed, to make the Jews politically independent in Babylon. A similar attempt by a relative of the exilarch, Dhu Nuwas, was made in Arabia.  The puppet exilarch Nehemiah ben Hushiel led Persian troops into Palestine between 608-614CE in a "Jewish crusade", but ended disasterously his death and the sack of Jerusalem in 614CE. This string of failures led the brother of Nehemia, Shallum ben Hushiel (Salmaan Farsi) to swear allegiance to the founder of Islam.  A revolt by Shallum's son Heman I (Abdallah ibn Saba) however, led to much loss of life on both Muslim and Jewish sides, and the title was removed from that line and given to the younger line of exilarchs, Bostanai, in the seventh century. Exilarchs continued to be appointed through the 11th century. Under Arab rule, the exilarch was treated with great pomp and circumstance (cf. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield's novel ''Alroy'').
 ==Development and organization==

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 ==Holders of the office==
 ===Israel's Monarchs===
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 * Shalom, last one, 1365-1401, deposed by Tartar King Tamerlane [75]
-===Sources===
+==Sources==
 Exilarchs listed in the Second Book of Kings and in the Books of Chronicles, are:

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Exilarch''' (Aramaic language:  ריש גלותא ''Reish Galuta'' lit. "Head of the Exile") (Greek language: Aechmalotarcha) refers to the leader of the Jews of the Babylonian captivity of Judah. After the fall of the first Temple in Jerusalem, the Greeks used the term to refer to the leader of the people. The people were called ''golah'' <nowiki>[</nowiki>Book of Jeremiah 28:6, 29:1; Book of Ezekiel ''passim''<nowiki>]</nowiki> or ''galut'' [Jeremiah 29:22].
-The origin of this dignity is not known, but the princely post was hereditary in a family that traced its descent from the royal Davidic line. It was recognized by the state and carried with it certain definite prerogatives. The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian Empire. The office lasted to the 6th century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanid dynastys). After a failed{{Fact|date=February 2007}} attempt by the exilarch Mar Zutra (exilarch) to make the Jews politically independent, there was no ''Resh Galuta'' until the 7th century, when the position was restored under Arab rule. Exilarchs continued to be appointed through the 11th century. Under Arab rule, the exilarch was treated with great pomp and circumstance (cf. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield's novel ''Alroy'').
+The origin of this dignity is not known, but the princely post was hereditary in a family that traced its descent from the royal Davidic line. It was recognized by the state and carried with it certain definite prerogatives. The first historical documents referring to it date from the time when Babylon was part of the Parthian Empire. The office lasted to the 6th century, under different regimes (the Arsacids and Sassanid dynastys). From 512 to 520CE, the exilarch Mar Zutra (exilarch) attempted, but failed, to make the Jews politically independent in Babylon. A similar attempt by a relative of the exilarch by Dhu Nuwas was made in Arabia.  The puppet exilarch Nehemiah ben Hushiel led Persian troops into Palestine between 608-614CE in a "Jewish crusade", but ended disasterously his death and the sack of Jerusalem in 614CE. This string of failures led the brother of Nehemia, Shallum ben Hushiel (Salmaan Farsi) to swear allegiance to the founder of Islam.  A revolt by Shallum's son Heman I (Abdallah ibn Saba) however, led to much loss of life on both Muslim and Jewish sides, and the title was removed from that line and given to the younger line of exilarchs, Bostanai, in the seventh century. Exilarchs continued to be appointed through the 11th century. Under Arab rule, the exilarch was treated with great pomp and circumstance (cf. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield's novel ''Alroy'').
 ==Development and organization==

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 ==Development and organization==
 The history of the exilarchate falls naturally into two periods, separated by the beginning of the Arabic rule in Babylonia. Nothing is known about the office before the 2nd century, including any details about its founding or beginnings. It can merely be said in general that the ''golah'', the Jews living in compact masses in various parts of Babylon, tended gradually to unite and create an organization, and that this tendency, together with the high regard in which the descendants of the house of David living in Babylon were held, brought it about that a member of this house was recognized as "head of the ''golah''." The dignity became hereditary in this house, and was finally recognized by the state, and hence became an established political institution, first of the Arsacid and then of the Sassanid empire.
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 ==Holders of the office==
 The following list of exilarchs is based on the evidence detailed in the following sections.
-David Hughes lists these monarchs and exilarchs:
+===Israel's Monarchs===
 * David, r. 1010-970BCE (2 Sam 5:5)
@@ Line 34: / Line 36: @@
 * Jehoiakin, r. 609-598BCE (2 Ki 23:36; 2 Chr 36:5)
-First Dynasty
+===First Dynasty===
 * Jehoiakin, r. 598/597 BCE, d.561BCE (2 Ki 24:8; 2 Chr 36:9) carried to Babylon [1st exilarch]
@@ Line 73: / Line 75: @@
 * Yakov, c.120CE
-Second Dynasty
+===Second Dynasty===
 * Ahijah, son of Yakov, c.135-145CE [1st Exilarch]
@@ Line 121: / Line 123: @@
 * Ishaq [Abu 'Isa] al-Ra'i al-Isfahani, d755
 * Judah of Hamadan (Yudghan al-Ra'i)
-−
+:
 * David Alroy
-Third Dynasty
+===Third Dynasty===
 * Bostanai, 642-665, [1st exilarch]
@@ Line 202: / Line 204: @@
 * Shalom, last one, 1365-1401, deposed by Tartar King Tamerlane [75]
-Exilarchs listed in the Second Book of Kings and in the Books of Chronicles, some possibly legendary, are:
+Exilarchs listed in the Second Book of Kings and in the Books of Chronicles, are:
 * Jehoiachin, last of the Davidic kings
 * Salathiel