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[[Image:GDRT230.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Himyarite Kingdom (red) in the 3rd century CE.]]
[[Image:MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg|thumb|The "Homerite Kingdom" is described in the southern tip of the [[Arabian peninsula]] in the 1st century [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]].]]
[[Image:HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|Coin of the Himyarite Kingdom, southern coast of the Arabian peninsula, in which stopped ships between Egypt and India passed. This is an imitation of a coin of [[Augustus]]. 1st Century CE.]]
The '''Himyarite Kingdom''' or '''Himyar''' (in [[Arabic]] '''حِمير'''), anciently called '''Homerite Kingdom''' by the Greeks and the Romans, was a state in ancient [[South Arabia]] dating from [[110 BCE]]. It conquered neighbouring [[Sheba|Saba]] in [[25 BCE]], [[Qataban]] in c.[[200]] CE and [[Hadramaut]] c.[[300]] CE. Its political fortunes relative to [[Sheba|Saba]] changed frequently until it finally conquered the Sabaean Kingdom around [[280]] CE.<ref>See, e.g., Bafaqih 1990.</ref>

==History==
It was the dominant state in [[Arabia]] until [[525]] CE. The economy was based on agriculture. Foreign trade was based on the export of [[frankincense]] and [[myrrh]]. For many years it was also the major intermediary linking East Africa and the Mediterranean world. This trade largely consisted of exporting ivory from Africa to be sold in the [[Roman Empire]]. Ships from Himyar regularly traveled the East African coast, and the state also exerted a considerable amount of political control of the trading cities of East Africa. The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] describes the trading empire of Himyar and its ruler Charibael (Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome:

{{quote|"23. And after nine days more there is Saphar, the metropolis, in which lives [[Charibael]], lawful king of two tribes, the Homerites and those living next to them, called the Sabaites; through continual embassies and gifts, he is a friend of the Emperors."|[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], Paragraph 23.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html Source]</ref>}}

[[Image:SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|Himyarite coin, influenced by coins of [[Augustus]]. 1st century CE.]]
The last sovereign Tubba Himyarite king, ([[Arabic]]: ذو نواس [[Dhu Nuwas]]) is often considered to have converted to [[Judaism]]. His war against the [[Ethiopia]]n Aksumite [[Christian]]s in his kingdom, resulted in a famous massacre in [[Najran]]. Other Ethiopian and Himyarite Christians at [[Zafar]] were massacred. Emperor [[Justinian]] informed [[Kings of Axum|King]] [[Kaleb of Axum|Kaleb]] of the [[Ethiopia]]n [[Kingdom of Aksum]] about Dhu Nuwas's actions, encouraging him to intervene. Around [[525]], Kaleb invaded Himyar and defeated the Jewish King, but his first viceroy was later removed by [[Abraha]], an Aksumite General. [[Abraha]] later recognized Aksum's dominion over him and continued to rule Himyar until [[570]] CE. A coalition of [[History of Yemen|Yemenis]] and [[Sassanid dynasty|Persians]] later replaced [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksumite]] governance with a [[Sassanid dynasty|Persian]] one. In [[632]] CE Himyar was absorbed into the [[Islamic empire]].

The [[Himyarite language]] was spoken in the south-western Arabian peninsula until the [[10th century]].

==Rulers of Sheba and Himyar==

<table align="center" border="1" width="630" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<th style="background:#efefef;" width="33"> </td>
<th style="background:#efefef;" width="583"> Mukribs of Saba'</td>
<tr>
<td width="33">1<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Bayin I</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">2<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Bayin I</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">3<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Yanuf I</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">4<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Watar I</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">5<td width="583" valign="top">Yakrib Malek Zarih</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">6<td width="583" valign="top">Yakrib Malek Watar I</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">7<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Yanuf II</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">8<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Bayin II</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">9<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Watar II</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">10<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Ab I</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">11<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Bayin III</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">12<td width="583" valign="top">Yakrib Malek Watar II</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">13<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Bayin II</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">14<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar I</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">15<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Ab II</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">16<td width="583" valign="top">Akh Karab</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">17<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Watar</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">18<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Zarih son of 17</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">19<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Yanuf III son of 18</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">20<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Watar III son of 18</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">21<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Bayin IV son of 20</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">22<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Watar I son of 20
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">23<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Zarih I son of 21
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">24<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Watar IV son of Samah Ali Yanuf son of 20
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">25<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Bayin I son of 24
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">26<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Yanuf IV son of 24
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">27<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Watar son of 26
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">28<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Yanuf V son of 27
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">29<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Bayin III son of 28
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">30<td width="583" valign="top">Yakrib Malek Watar III
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">31<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Yanuf son of 30
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="background:#efefef;" width="33"> </td>
<th style="background:#efefef;" width="583"> Kings of Saba'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">32<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar II son of 31
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">33<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Zarih son of 32
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">34<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar III son of 33
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">35<td width="583" valign="top">Il Sharih I son of 33
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">36<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Bayin V son of 34
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">37<td width="583" valign="top">Yakrib Malek Watar IV son of 36
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">38<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Bayin IV son of 37
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">39<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar IV son of 38
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">40<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Bayin VI son of 39
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">41<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Yanuf VI son of 39
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">42<td width="583" valign="top">Yatha' Amar Watar V son of 39
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">43<td width="583" valign="top">Il Sharih II son of 41
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">44<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Bayin I son of 41
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">45<td width="583" valign="top">Yada' Il Watar II son of 44
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">46<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Bayin II son of 45
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">47<td width="583" valign="top">Samah Ali Yanuf VII son of 46
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">48<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar V son of 46?
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">49<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Yuhan'em son of Ham Athat
</td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">50<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar VI son of 49
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">51<td width="583" valign="top">Wahab Shamsam son of Halik Amar
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">52<td width="583" valign="top">Wahab Il Yahiz I son of Saraw
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">53<td width="583" valign="top">Anmar Yuha'man I son of 52
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">54<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Zarih II son of 53
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">55<td width="583" valign="top">Nasha Karab Yuha'man son of 54
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">56<td width="583" valign="top">Wahab Il Yahiz II
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">57<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Bayin III
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">58<td width="583" valign="top">Anmar Yuha'man II son of 56
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">59<td width="583" valign="top">Yasir Yuhan'em I
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">60<td width="583" valign="top">Shamir Yuhar'esh I son of 59
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">61<td width="583" valign="top">Yarim Aymin son of Awsalat Rafshan
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">62<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em I son of 56
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">63<td width="583" valign="top">Alhan Nahfan son of 61
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">64<td width="583" valign="top">Far'am Yanhab
</td></td>
<tr>
<th style="background:#efefef;" width="33"> </td>
<th style="background:#efefef;" width="583"> Kings of Saba' & Ziridan [1st Himyarite Kingdom]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">65<td width="583" valign="top">Sha'ram Awtar son of 63
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">66<td width="583" valign="top">Il Sharih Yahzib son of 64
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">67<td width="583" valign="top">Yazil Bayin son of 64
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">68<td width="583" valign="top">Hayu Athtar Yazi' son of 65?
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">69<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em II son of 57
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">70<td width="583" valign="top">Watar Yuha'min son of 66
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">71<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Zarih III son of 69
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">72<td width="583" valign="top">Nasha Karab Yuha'min Yuharhib son of 66
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">73<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Bayin II son of 71
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">74<td width="583" valign="top">Yasir Yuhasdiq
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">75<td width="583" valign="top">Sa'd Shams Asri' son of 66
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">76<td width="583" valign="top">Murthid Yuhahmid son of 75
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">77<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Yahbir I son of 74
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">78<td width="583" valign="top">Tharin Ya'ib Yuhan'im son of 77
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">79<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Yahbir II son of 78
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">80<td width="583" valign="top">Shamdar Yuhan'im
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">81<td width="583" valign="top">Amdan Bayin Yuhaqbiz
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">82<td width="583" valign="top">Hutar Athat Yafish
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">83<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Athat Yuhaqbiz
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">84<td width="583" valign="top">Shahar Aymin
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">85<td width="583" valign="top">Rab Shams Namran
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">86<td width="583" valign="top">Il Ez Nawfan Yuhasdiq
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">87<td width="583" valign="top">Sa'd Um Namran
</td></td>

<tr>
<td width="33">88<td width="583" valign="top">Yasir Yuhan'em II
</td></td>
<tr>
<th style="background:#efefef;" width="33"> </td>
<th style="background:#efefef;" width="583"> Kings of Saba' & Ziridan & Hazarmut & Yamnit [2nd Himyarite Kingdom]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33">89<td width="583" valign="top">Shamir Yuhar'esh II son of 88
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">90<td width="583" valign="top">Yarim Yuharhib son of 89
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">91<td width="583" valign="top">Yasir Yuhan'im III son of 89
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">92<td width="583" valign="top">Tharin Ayfi' son of 91
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">93<td width="583" valign="top">Zari' Amar Aymin I son of 91
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">94<td width="583" valign="top">Karab Il Watar Yuhan'em III
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">95<td width="583" valign="top">Tharin Yakrib son of 89
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">96<td width="583" valign="top">Zamir Ali Yahbir III son of 95
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">97<td width="583" valign="top">Tharin Yuhan'im son of 96
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">98<td width="583" valign="top">Malki Karab Yuha'min son of 97
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">99<td width="583" valign="top">Zari' Amar Aymin II son of 98
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">100<td width="583" valign="top">Ab Karab As'id son of 98
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">101<td width="583" valign="top">Hasan Yuha'min son of 100
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">102<td width="583" valign="top">Sharhib Il Ya'fir son of 100
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">103<td width="583" valign="top">Sharhib Il Yakif
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">104<td width="583" valign="top">Mu'di Karab Yan'im son of 103
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">105<td width="583" valign="top">Luhay'ath Yanuf son of 103
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">106<td width="583" valign="top">Nawfim son of 103
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">107<td width="583" valign="top">Murthid Alan Yanuf
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">108<td width="583" valign="top">Mu'di Karab Ya'fir
</td></td>
<tr>
<td width="33">109<td width="583" valign="top">Yusif Asar
</td></td>
</tr>
</table>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

*Bafaqīh, M. ‛A., ''L'unification du Yémen antique. La lutte entre Saba’, Himyar et le Hadramawt de Ier au IIIème siècle de l'ère chrétienne''. Paris, 1990 (Bibliothèque de Raydan, 1).

== External links ==
*[http://www.zafar-himyar.com]

{{ref|<P. Yule, Zafar-The Capital of the Ancient Himyarite Empire Rediscovered, Jemen-Report 36, 2005, 22-29>}}

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 Those Tuba'as reigned for a period of one century from the end
 of the fourth onwards. Jewish or judaized kings are known to us:
-* Jasirum Juhani'm or Yassirum Yohre'am, king of Sheba
+* Jasirum Juhani'm or Yassirum Yohre'am, king of Sheba and Dhu Raidan, embraced the Jewish faith in 270 C.E.
-and Dhu Raidan, embraced the Jewish faith in 270 C.E.
+* His son Shamar Juharish, king of Sheba and Dhu Raidan, Hadramaut and Jomanat, reigned 281-300.2
-* His son Shamar Juharish, king of Sheba and Dhu Raidan,
+* Hassan Tub'a, a descendant of 2, fought against Constantine.
-Hadramaut and Jomanat, reigned 281-300.2
+* 'Amr-Shlomo, 325-330, was a Jew, the son of David and grandson of As'ad I; he was orphaned of his father and himself died young.
-* Hassan Tub'a, a descendant of 2, fought against Con
+* His widow, Belkis or Makkedah, daughter of Kudkud Had had, prince of Tuhama or Hamdan. Kudkud was the founder of the new dynasty of the Abu Karibas. Juha'min Malki Kariba was therefore Makkedah's brother.
-stantine.
+* Malki Kariba Juha'min 378-385 C.E., the first judaized king of the Kariba dynasty, and his descendants (7, 8, 9).
-* 'Amr-Shlomo, 325-330, was a Jew, the son of David and
+* Abu Kariba As'ad, or As'ad Kariba, the second judaized king, 390-420 C.E.
 ==Saba==

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:29, 20 August 2007
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	Himyar and Ethiopia. Another Jewish state, in a different part of the Diaspora, was founded at about the same time as the principality of Cranganor: the Jewish kingdom of Himyar, the present Yemen. From the Book of Himyar, as well as from recently deciphered inscriptions, we gather that Judaism had spread to Yemen as early as the third century C.E., possibly even earlier. Confirmation of this view comes from the sarcophagi of Himyar princes -- Jews or judaized natives -- that were discovered in the tombs recently excavated in Beit She'arim. More is known to us of the Himyar kings who were known as Tuba'a and who fought for the independence of their country against the Christian Ethiopian invaders of the House of Aksum.
		+
		+	Those Tuba'as reigned for a period of one century from the end
		+	of the fourth onwards. Jewish or judaized kings are known to us:
		+	* Jasirum Juhani'm or Yassirum Yohre'am, king of Sheba
		+	and Dhu Raidan, embraced the Jewish faith in 270 C.E.
		+	* His son Shamar Juharish, king of Sheba and Dhu Raidan,
		+	Hadramaut and Jomanat, reigned 281-300.2
		+	* Hassan Tub'a, a descendant of 2, fought against Con
		+	stantine.
		+	* 'Amr-Shlomo, 325-330, was a Jew, the son of David and
		+	grandson of As'ad I; he was orphaned of his father and him
		+	self died young.
		+	* His widow, Belkis or Makkedah, daughter of Kudkud Had
		+	had, prince of Tuhama or Hamdan. Kudkud was the founder
		+	of the new dynasty of the Abu Karibas. Juha'min Malki
		+	Kariba was therefore Makkedah's brother.
		+	* Malki Kariba Juha'min 378-385 C.E., the first judaized
		+	king of the Kariba dynasty, and his descendants (7, 8, 9).
		+	* Abu Kariba As'ad, or As'ad Kariba, the second judaized
		+	king, 390-420 C.E.
		+
		+
	==Saba==		==Saba==

Saba and Himyar - Revision history

ابن اليمن at 19:31, 20 August 2007

ابن اليمن at 19:29, 20 August 2007

ابن اليمن at 19:23, 20 August 2007

ابن اليمن at 19:02, 20 August 2007